This paper examines the rapid climate change in Pakistan and national environmental discourse. This also observes the dominant understandings on the topic which problematizes the standard assumptions and interrogates the geographical literature on this particular subject. The main area of “climate change adaptation” is selected for the analysis which is a major part of “National Climate Change Policy of Pakistan 2012” in which five sub divisional partitions, “Water Resources, Agriculture and Live Stock, Human Health, Forestry and Biodiversity” exist. There are several factors interlinked in the crucial climate change situation in the country and different kinds of discourses are used at different levels to describe the whole situation in Pakistan. Critical discourse analysis of national climate change policy brings the clear picture in front of the whole world and it shows the Pakistan’s vulnerability in specific areas to climate change. Several policy measures have been presented, which are analyzed on different levels of discourse with shallow environmentalism and deep ecology. This paper will be helpful for the discourse analysts as well as the national climate change policy makers in Pakistan.

An increasing body of academic knowledge suggests that there is no single ideal strategy in second language learning and use, since there are various factors involved in learning i.e. needs, styles, context and types of learners. Present study explores Language Learning Strategies and their types, with particular focus on learner’s styles and individual characteristics. Study also looks at application and effectiveness of strategies in second language learning and proficiency. Authors identified application of several strategies in language classroom in the context of Pakistan. Authors also revealed that there is no single best strategy in language learning. Language teachers need to figure out fitting strategy and adjusting it appropriately to learners’ specific style, context and socio-cultural background.

The Gwadar city is located between the two most important Gulf and Persian regions of the world. Both areas are so rich in resources, simply it is said that, those regions are famous for the production of Oil and Gas. The southern border of Balochistan province is situated in the Arabian Sea. After the construction of a sea port in 2008 with the technical and financial assistance of China, the status of this thinly populated area of the city of Balochistan province has been converted into the economic corridor for suitable trading between the countries of the world. Now a days trading is possible through the sea port, where a country can earn a billion dollars, as port directly connects one area to another area of the world. This paper introduces the economic effects of trading, such as growth. It is expected that the project would generate thousands of jobs for the local people, because of the construction of new industries, agricultural development and communication facilities, which would also be of benefit to the nation as a whole change the area location. The data highlights that the trade between China and Pakistan has increased to 75.8 million USA Dollars due to the bilateral trade agreement between them after the construction of the port. While the output of industries has doubled if compared to the period between 2005 and 2009 and before it. During this period the output of industries has increased from one thousand million to two thousand million tons. The socioeconomic figures have changed, with a great change in the gross profits of companies. It is mentioned that in the period of 2008 the gross profits were 3.3 million rupees, while in 2010 the profit was 3.9 million rupees. Such changes occurred due to the building of port. Pakistan needs a strong cohesion to this new way for economic reforms. Some areas of Pakistan, there is still a need for mutual development to produce greater economic opportunity. The economic corridor of collaboration should be extended with a view to continuously increase the scope for economic growth and for placing a solid basis for closer ties between two countries.

This research has been conducted with a view to find out the Employee intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors at JJVL. This research gives strategies to improve lack of motivation of employees of JJVL and Similar organizations. Generally a well-defined motivation is known as the psychological driver or power which controls the way of an individual’s level of determination, along with an individual’s tendency to face hurdles. The study is based on both qualitative and quantitative methods. The data is analyzed through such statistical tools Correlation, Crosstab and chi square through the use of SPSS 20 based on table as well as graphical representation. The study focused on current empirical outcomes in order to examine the motivations along with prospects that support employee growth initiatives so that corresponding assumptions and necessary implementations made possible to exercise. The study concluded that employee motivation is essential for organizations betterment and development.

A philosophical stance in social science research informs the overall research methodology and provides the rationale to understand the philosophical underpinning of a particular research study. Due to the pivotal role of the philosophical underpinning which informs the overall research strategy, there has been growing debate among social science researchers concerning what paradigms/worldviews researchers should bring to the social science inquiry. Primarily, this paper throws light on the long lasting issue regarding the use of either positivism (quantitative) or constructivism (qualitative) research paradigm in the social science research and offers rationale pertinent to use of pragmatism (quantitative and qualitative) research paradigm in social science research. This paper argued that pragmatism, as a philosophical underpinning, facilitates mixed methods researchers to inquire into some aspects of social research with quantitative approach and some others with qualitative approach, which can contribute to achieving a consensus on conceptualizing good quality social research. This paper concludes that pragmatism philosophical approach due to its wider orientation through advocating methodological pluralism can produce socially useful knowledge which enables researchers to appreciate the complexity and unpredictability of social life.

The main theme of research is to determine the impact of internal motivation factors on employees’ performance. This study is a comparative analysisof food and textile industries of Sindh, Pakistan. The data for this studyhas been collected through questionnaires. Reliability test has been conducted through Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) version 20.0. In this paper, data analysis is done using Pearson correlation, analysis of variance (ANOVA), independent t test and multiple regression techniques. The results have shown that all intrinsic factors have positive and significant impact on employee’s performance.

Thar coal field area is spread 9100 square Kilometers in Thar Desert area of District Tharparkar Sindh province of Pakistan. The desert area is totally different area of Pakistan due to very limited income generating opportunities, food insecurity, scant water resources, lack of health facilities and low literacy rate. However economic activities depend on the monsoon rain and the major source of income is livestock rearing and agriculture. Hence, a substantial number of people are seasonally migrated in search of food and fodder. The discovery of Coal in 1988 is highlighted at national and international level as a sixth largest lignite coal reserves in the World. For the purpose of coal extraction, Government of Sindh and Pakistan initiated Thar coal projects without local consent of indigenous people of Thar coal field area and such act has a negative impact on the development process. This research paper is to find out the local consent in the shape of community participation in the Thar Coal Development project. The Study reveals that community awareness and participation is recorded at the lowest level whereas complete negligence of females and just 3% male participated. Moreover, the major source of information is media, rumors and NGOs.

Since the end of Cold War, relations between US and India were established for different geo-political and strategic purposes. America got seismic shift in its foreign policy from estrangement to engagement with India. In the post Cold War period the geopolitical realties of the South Asian region impale America to make amicable relations with India. Events like disintegration of the Soviet Union, rise of China, and deteriorated situation of Afghanistan after withdrawal of Soviet forces had created an administrative gap in the country. The rise of Taliban and other terrorist groups under the leadership of Osama Bin Laden appeared to pose an imminent threat to US security. In this sordid geo-political conditions America decided to establish geo-strategic and economic relations with India to counter emerging threats to it. At the initial period of 21st century the events like 9/11 and occupation of Afghanistan by NATO forces opened up new vistas of friendship between India and America. This research has highlighted major geostrategic, defence, economic and technological engagement between India and US during the period of post Cold war era and after the event of 9/11.

The debate on the effectiveness of minimum wage policy between academics, economists, and legislators is going on in the world for several years, whereas in Pakistan very little work has been done on this issue. This study explores the effectiveness of minimum wage policy as a tool of poverty reduction. This study attempts to examine rich household survey data of industrial sector workers of Hyderabad through self-administered SEQOL questionnaire plus data collected from legal documentations, articles and research on the topic in Pakistan. It is descriptive analytical research analyzed data through descriptive statistics, tabulation, charts, figures, and used qualitative techniques for reporting reviews. The evidence shows that majority of the people are getting less than set minimum wage. Minimum wage is a useful policy in poverty reduction but not the only one tool to curtail poverty. It should be the top priority of minimum wage policy to protect living standard of the workers concerned with it.

To enhance public political participation, it is mandatory to examine individual psychological involvement in political affairs. The current study is an effort to investigate public political interest (psychological involvement) in Pakistan. For this purpose, a survey instrument was adopted from the existing literature. By using that instrument data was collected from the urban areas of the country. After that, it was analyzed by using SPSS version 24.0 for windows. Results of the study suggest that people living in the urban areas are comparatively more interested in the political affairs than the people, living in the rural areas of the country. Additionally, a significant effect of explanatory variables such as; age, gender, education, efficacy and performance evolution on public political interest was also found.

Shyness affects and influences the class room performance of the students. The objectives of the study were: (1) to check the relationship of shyness with parental education; (2) to check the relationship of shyness with family structure. 252 students of different colleges of Rawalpindi/Islamabad were population of the study and 42 students of B.com were selected as a sample for this study. A simple random sampling technique was used for this study. The researcher got the data with the help of personal visits to the college. Crozier’s shyness questionnaire was used by the researcher for measuring shyness. Another instrument which was used was a self developed questionnaire to know the correlates of shyness. Chi-square test of independence was used for data analysis. The results of the study showed that shyness depended upon these correlates of shyness as parental education and family structure. The findings of the research showed that bigger structure of family has good impact on personality of the student and he would get many chances of social interaction consequently he would be less shy. If the family structure is smaller than due to less social interactions and dealings, the student would be shyer. More over Parental education has also an impact on children shyness. According to findings, if the parents are highly qualified and educated, their children would be less shy but if parents are illiterate or uneducated, then students would be shyer. It shows that shyness depends on parental education and there is an association between shyness and parental education. In order to remove this problem of shyness some steps should be taken as parents and teachers may not criticize their children and learners without any reason and more exposure should be provided to students.

In this study factors influencing brand loyalty on business students in sportswear in Hyderabad Sindh are examined from 200 business administration university students. We have studied the various variables which influence brand loyalty factors, such as, service quality, style, price, brand name, store environment and promotion. Data has been collected with help of questionnaire and analyzed through number of statistical techniques in SPSS that include the factor analysis, reliability test, and linear regression is applied. The results indicate two variables, style and brand name, are found significantly impacting on brand loyalty, which store environment, service quality and product quality has insignificant impact on consumers towards brand loyalty in sportswear in Hyderabad. Based on the findings, sportswear companies can enhance the brand loyalty by the introduction of new styles and brand names on timely basis for higher rate of return on investment.

The existing literature on the perception of Pakistani professional women about their social status, respectability and autonomy suggests that higher education plays a vital role in rising women’s ability to make decisions, however; various other factors such as socio-cultural norms, gender norms and values, religious norms, patriarchy, caste and locale could possibly affect negatively. Similarly, the human capital theory also postulates that education or training increases the efficiency of workers and increases access of people to decision-making process. Realizing the catalyst role of human capital theory, this research paper aims at investing perception/experience of academic and non-academic female employees at the University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan about the role of higher education in increasing their say in the decision-making process. Further, the paper also attempts to comparatively assess the similarities and dissimilarity of participants’ perception regarding the role of higher education in empowering academic and non-academic women. The sample size of this study consisted of 100 women having minimum of 5 year work experience at the university.

This study highlights the managerial characteristics that can be fitted in the overall role of manager from conventional and Islamic perspective. It is observed theoretically and empirically that a manager may deviate from the core objective of the firm and may adopt self- interested behaviour in decision making. This approach leads towards agency conflict in agency theory. We argue that managers may adopt such characteristics that might decrease the agency conflict among stakeholders. Wherefore, the study suggests the role of manager from the perspective of Islamic principles to enhance economic and social benefits avoiding self-interest or opportunism from managerial behaviour. This paper is conceptual in nature based on Islamic principles that a manager ought to be an honest and trustworthy person. We develop a model for such a reliable management that covers economic, moral and social benefits for all stakeholders and society. This aspect is rarely focused previously regarding the role of manager. This novel attempt may help the recruiting authority to select honest and trustworthy managers as well as train them accordingly. The role of manager affects the firm in maximizing the value and the society, in essence, all stakeholders including owners, suppliers, and consumers, make a society when combined. This research, thus, implies a productive effect on the firm in particular and society in general. The research has central importance for the Muslims and Shariah firms to follow the management activities applying this model for the effective role of manager due to growing number of Muslims worldwide.

The religious institutions i.e. Madrassah play vital role in imparting religious education in Muslim world throughout ages. After the worst terrorist attacks of 9/11 and 7/7, these institutions came under heavy attack by the west. The western and European thinkers, politicians and media linked religious institutions with the violence and Islam was considered as a violent religion that preaches not peace but hatred and violence. Therefore this paper is designed in order to analyze the role of religious institutions (Madrasahs) in providing religious education and their links with violence. The connectivity of Islam with violence will also be analyzed. Lastly, the paper will look deep into how does Islam promote education in society.

The religious institutions i.e. Madrassah play vital role in imparting religious education in Muslim world throughout ages. After the worst terrorist attacks of 9/11 and 7/7, these institutions came under heavy attack by the west. The western and European thinkers, politicians and media linked religious institutions with the violence and Islam was considered as a violent religion that preaches not peace but hatred and violence. Therefore this paper is designed in order to analyze the role of religious institutions (Madrasahs) in providing religious education and their links with violence. The connectivity of Islam with violence will also be analyzed. Lastly, the paper will look deep into how does Islam promote education in society.

Police, as a major component of law enforcement, has a critical role in maintaining rule of law. Over the period of time, research has been conducted to improve police performance. In Pakistan, this institution always remains in debate. The present study aimed to explore the association of demographic, social and psychological variables with job satisfaction of police officers in the Punjab, Pakistan. The study was conducted in Rawalpindi District and 385 police officers were selected as respondents of the study. Urdu version of the self-administrated questionnaire was used for data collection. The study found that political influence, life threats, depression, anxiety and stress negatively correlated with job satisfaction of the police personnel. On the other hand, family support, cultural values, life satisfaction and self-esteem positively correlated with job satisfaction. Keeping in view these findings, the study recommended that government should take appropriate actions for reducing depression, anxiety and stress of police officers.

English is globally accepted language which enjoys higher status at regional, national and international level in most of the countries in the world today. People equate English with power and status. Using English is taken as a symbol of prestige even though one lacks in the knowledge of relevant filed. In Sindh, most of the subjects including science, mathematics, social and Pakistan studies, religion and civics, and others excepting Sindhi and Urdu are taught in English language. The instructional medium of these subjects as English becomes problematic for the learners at primary, secondary and higher secondary level. This study investigates the problems faced by students at higher secondary level to understand the subjects taught in English language. The study used qualitative approach to address the issue by conducting interviews from students in government sector who learn science, mathematics, and other subjects in English. The study found that students at higher secondary level are less proficient in English language which creates trouble for them to understand the knowledge of the subjects. They are not communicative in English. They face problems in reading, understanding and writing these subjects creatively. The study recommends that these subjects should be taught in students’ mother tongue as the ultimate goal of education is to understand the knowledge of the social and natural world. Students learn best when they are taught in their mother tongue. Besides, English should be taught as a language instead of teaching it as a subject.

The study evaluates the proportion of sexual harassment among female workers in Karachi. The participants (N=80) of the study divided on the basis of their socio-economic status who filled out a questionnaire consisting of 16 items. The statistical analysis of the study was conducted by applying t tests. The results of the study provides evidence that lower socio-economic status is inversely proportional to more sexual harassment (SH) and the provision of strict laws does not deter the incidence of SH. Recommendations are suggested for qualitative analysis to provide more in-depth of the phenomena.

CPEC, a flagship project, which connect China-Pakistan through different infrastructural projects. Apart from the China and Pakistan, the project is expected to influence neighboring, Central Asian and European countries. Being the biggest joint venture, the project faces certain security challenges. The research explores the lingering internal and external security concerns that surfaced due to the destabilizationin different areas and create hurdles in the way of development. It is hypothesized that a negative relation between the project development and dismal security conditions exists. The work also answers some innovative questions thus helpful for the students of economics, Pakistan history, politics, internal relations, foreign policy and for those who intend to read about China-Pakistan and their joint ventures. The main objective of the study is to empirically analyze the response of Baloch community and other disturbing elements. Graphical and empirical methods are adopted to describe and analyze the facts and figures related to the topic. The results clearly indicate that CPEC will face resistance from different parts, which will negatively affect the prospects of CPEC.

Honeybees prepare honey by sucking flower juice. Honey is used as a nutritional food and medicine since existence of man. It is tasty and delightful fluid. It also has nourishment of high nutritious esteem and gigantic medical advantages. It is considered as a very good anti-oxidant and ailment from all the diseases. The benefits of honey are countless according to the Holy Quran and Hadiths. Honey is highly admired since antiques by various globally accepted religions and is documented in the oldest writings and scriptures. Honey is a characteristic fluid specified in the books of religions and acknowledged by all eras, conventions and civic establishments.

Aim of this study is to explore historical trajectory of corporate governance with reference to its introduction in Pakistan International Airlines. The corporation has experienced hard criticism due to its poor performance, corruption and inefficiency. Study is based on secondary data analysis of annual reports, news reports archives, and important documents related to Pakistan International Airlines Corporation Limited (PIACL) for a period from 2002 up to 2016. Findings reveal corporation earned embarrassment to organization for several reasons such as deteriorating performance, mismanagement, conflicts between management and union, overstaffing, inadequate number of aircrafts in fleet, discriminatory human resource policies, staff’s involvement in smuggling, unsound practices of transparency and accountability. Though corporation adopted corporate governance in 2002, however, it has consistently sown discouraging performance despite various equity injections and bailout packages.

Migration is a real phenomenon of this world. Migration takes place due to different reasons like; social, economic and environmental reasons. Migration is common in Pakistan and many kinds of migrations are happening in Pakistan for instance; international and internal migration, legal and illegal migration, permanent and temporary/seasonal migration. Apart other migration, seasonal migration is mostly occurred in hilly and desert areas of Pakistan. Tharparkar is also included in desert parts of Pakistan where seasonal migration is part of life of local inhabitants. This research is based on qualitative and quantitative data. For collecting data the settled parameter are: socio economic conditions such as; education, health, family size, family occupation, earning, government facilities, and family assets. After collecting and compiling data, Logitlinear regression model are applied and these models confirmed that, seasonal migrants are poorest segments of community in Tharparkar and it is lack of economic opportunities which compels them to leave their homes to search work for survival. In the context of research study it is concluded that, poverty is main factor behind seasonal in Tharparkar districts. To overcome this issue serious steps are required by government on emergency basis as to uplift the conditions of seasonal migrants.